(Reference for Genesis 6:9)

אֵלֶּה תּוֹלְדוֹת נֹחַ טַעְמוֹ פֵּרְשׁוּ בּוֹ (הראב"ע והרד"ק) קוֹרוֹתָיו, כְּטַעַם "מַה יֵּלֶד יוֹם" (משלי כז א), וְיִרְמֹז אֶל כָּל הַפָּרָשָׁה. וְאֵינוֹ נָכוֹן בְּעֵינַי, כִּי אֵין קוֹרוֹת הָאָדָם תּוֹלְדוֹתָיו. וְהַנָּכוֹן שֶׁהוּא כְּמַשְׁמָעוֹ, כְּמוֹ "אֵלֶּה תּוֹלְדוֹת בְּנֵי נֹחַ" (בראשית י':א'), "וְאֵלֶּה תּוֹלְדוֹת יִשְׁמָעֵאל" (בראשית כ"ה:י"ב), יֹאמַר אֵלֶּה תּוֹלְדוֹת נֹחַ שֵׁם חָם וָיָפֶת, אֲבָל הֶחְזִיר "וַיּוֹלֶד נֹחַ" בַּעֲבוּר שֶׁהִפְסִיק וְאָמַר "נֹחַ אִישׁ צַדִּיק תָּמִים הָיָה", לְהוֹדִיעַ לָמָּה צִוָּהוּ בַּתֵּבָה. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁכְּבָר אָמַר לְמַעְלָה (ה לב) "וַיְהִי נֹחַ בֶּן חֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה וַיּוֹלֶד נֹחַ אֶת שֵׁם אֶת חָם וְאֶת יָפֶת", חָזַר לְהַזְכִּירָם פַּעַם אַחֶרֶת, לְהַגִּיד כִּי לֹא הָיָה כְּכָל אֲבוֹתָיו שֶׁיּוֹלִידוּ בָּנוֹת וּבָנִים. וְזֶה טַעַם "שְׁלֹשָׁה בָּנִים", כִּי יַזְכִּיר מִסְפָּרָם לֵאמֹר כִּי אֵלֶּה שְׁלֹשָׁה לְבַדָּם הָיוּ תּוֹלְדוֹתָיו וְנִצְּלוּ בִּזְכוּתוֹ, וּמֵאֵלֶּה נָפְצָה כָל הָאָרֶץ:

THESE ARE ‘TOLDOTH’ NOAH. Commentators have explained the word toldoth to mean “his experiences” [or “his events”] much the same as the sense of: what a day ‘yeiled’ (may bring forth).

In this way the word toldoth refers to the entire section [since all the events of the flood are occurrences in the life of Noah]. But this does not appear to me to be correct since the external events in the life of a person, [over which he has no control], are not his toldoth.

The correct interpretation is that the word toldoth here retains its literal meaning of “progeny,” just as, These are ‘toldoth’ (the progeny of) the sons of Noah; And these are ‘toldoth’ (the progeny of) Ishmael. Thus Scripture is saying, “These are the progeny of Noah: Shem, Ham, and Japheth.”

Scripture however repeats, And Noah begot three sons, because [at the end of the first verse] it interrupted by saying, Noah was a righteous man, and whole-hearted, in order to inform us why He commanded him concerning the ark. And even though Scripture has already stated above, And Noah was five hundred years old; and Noah begot Shem, Ham, and Japheth, it returns to mention them a second time in order to relate that Noah was unlike all his ancestors who begot daughters and sons. This is the meaning of the words, three sons; Scripture mentions their number in order to say that these three alone were his progeny, and they were saved by his merit, and by them was the whole earth overspread.

אִישׁ צַדִּיק תָּמִים הָיָה יַזְכִּיר הַכָּתוּב שֶׁהָיָה זַכַּאי וְשָׁלֵם בְּצִדְקוֹ, לְהוֹדִיעַ שֶׁרָאוּי לְהִנָּצֵל מִן הַמַּבּוּל, שֶׁאֵין לוֹ עֹנֶשׁ כְּלָל כִּי הוּא תָּמִים בְּצֶדֶק, כִּי הַצַּדִּיק הוּא הַזַּכַּאי בַּדִּין, הֶפֶךְ הָרָשָׁע, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַר "וְהִצְדִּיקוּ אֶת הַצַּדִּיק וְהִרְשִׁיעוּ אֶת הָרָשָׁע" (דברים כה א), וְכֵן "וְאַתָּה צַדִּיק עַל כָּל הַבָּא עָלֵינוּ כִּי אֱמֶת עָשִׂיתָ" (נחמיה ט לג), וְכֵן "בְּצֶדֶק תִּשְׁפֹּט עֲמִיתֶךָ" (ויקרא יט טו). אֲבָל בְּאַבְרָהָם שֶׁאָמַר (בראשית י"ח:י"ט) "לַעֲשׂוֹת צְדָקָה וּמִשְׁפָּט", שִׁבַּח אוֹתוֹ בְּצֶדֶק שֶׁהוּא הַמִּשְׁפָּט וּבְרַחֲמִים שֶׁהִיא הַצְּדָקָה. וְרַבִּי אַבְרָהָם אָמַר (אבן עזרא על בראשית ו':ט') צַדִּיק בְּמַעֲשָׂיו תָּמִים בְּלִבּוֹ, וּכְתִיב (יחזקאל כח טו) "תָּמִים אַתָּה בִּדְרָכֶיךָ", וְאַחַר שֶׁאָמַר שֶׁהוּא אִישׁ צַדִּיק, כִּי אֵינֶנּוּ אִישׁ חָמָס וּמַשְׁחִית דַּרְכּוֹ כִּבְנֵי דּוֹרוֹ הַחַיָּבִים, אָמַר שֶׁהָיָה מִתְהַלֵּךְ אֶת הַשֵּׁם הַנִּכְבָּד לְיִרְאָה אוֹתוֹ לְבַדּוֹ, אֵינֶנּוּ נִפְתֶּה אַחֲרֵי הוֹבְרֵי שָׁמַיִם וּמְנַחֵשׁ וְעוֹנֵן, וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן אַחֲרֵי עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, וְאֵינֶנּוּ שׁוֹמֵעַ לָהֶם כְּלָל, רַק בַּשֵּׁם לְבַדּוֹ הוּא דָּבֵק תָּמִיד וְהוֹלֵךְ בַּדֶּרֶךְ אֲשֶׁר בָּחַר הַשֵּׁם אוֹ אֲשֶׁר יוֹרֶה אוֹתוֹ, כִּי נָבִיא הָיָה, וְזֶה כְּטַעַם "אַחֲרֵי ה' אֱלֹהֵיכֶם תֵּלֵכוּ וְאֹתוֹ תִירָאוּ" (דברים יג ה) הַנֶּאֱמָר בְּהַרְחָקַת הַמִּתְנַבֵּא לַעֲבֹד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה וְנוֹתֵן אוֹת וּמוֹפֵת, כַּאֲשֶׁר אֲפָרֵשׁ, וְעוֹד אַזְכִּיר זֶה בְּפָסוּק "הִתְהַלֵּךְ לְפָנַי וֶהְיֵה תָמִים" (בראשית י"ז:א') אִם יִהְיֶה תְּמִים דֵּעוֹת עִמִּי. וְהִנֵּה אַחַר שֶׁהָיָה נֹחַ צַדִּיק וְאֵינֶנּוּ רָאוּי לֵעָנֵשׁ, גַּם בָּנָיו וּבֵיתוֹ רְאוּיִים לְהִנָּצֵל בִּזְכוּתוֹ, כִּי הָיָה עֹנֶשׁ עָלָיו אִם יִכָּרֵת זַרְעוֹ. אוֹ יֹאמַר כִּי הוּא צַדִּיק שָׁלֵם וְגַם בָּנָיו וּבֵיתוֹ צַדִּיקִים כִּי הוּא לִמְּדָם, כְּעִנְיָן שֶׁכָּתוּב (בראשית י"ח:י"ט) "כִּי יְדַעְתִּיו לְמַעַן אֲשֶׁר יְצַוֶּה אֶת בָּנָיו וְאֶת בֵּיתוֹ":

HE WAS A RIGHTEOUS MAN AND WHOLE-HEARTED. Scripture mentions that he was guiltless and perfect in his righteousness in order to inform us that he was worthy to be saved from the flood without any punishment whatever since he was whole-hearted in righteousness. For a tzadik (a righteous person) is one who is found guiltless in judgment as opposed to the wicked person, as Scripture says, And they come unto judgment, and the judges judge them, by justifying the righteous, and condemning the wicked; and also, For Thou art just in all that has come upon us, for Thou hast dealt truly; similarly, In righteousness shalt thou judge thy neighbor. But in the case of Abraham, concerning whom it says, that he will command his children to do ‘tz’dakah’ and ‘mishpat,’ Scripture praises him for righteousness which is synonymous with judgment, and for mercy which is synonymous with tz’dakah.

And Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra said, “Righteous in deeds; whole-hearted in his heart.” However, it is written, Thou art whole-hearted in thy ways; [the term “whole-hearted” is thus used in connection with “ways” and not with matters of the heart].

Now after Scripture said that Noah was a righteous man, meaning that he was neither a man of violence nor one who perverted his ways as did the guilty ones of his generation, it further said that he walked with the glorious Name, fearing Him alone. He was not enticed by the astrologers, enchanters and soothsayers, and surely not by idolatry, and he paid no heed to them at all; to G-d alone he did always cleave, and he walked in the way G-d chose or taught him for he was a prophet. This is analogous in meaning to the verse, After the Eternal your G-d shall ye walk, and Him shall ye fear, which is stated in connection with the removal of him who prophesies to encourage the worship of idols and gives a sign or wonder to verify his words, as I will explain. I will again mention this in connection with the verse, Walk before Me, and be thou whole-hearted, if He Who is perfect in knowledge will be with me.

Now since Noah was a righteous man and undeserving of punishment, it was fitting that his sons and his household be saved by his merit for if his sons were to perish, it would have been a punishment upon him. Or it may be said that he was a perfectly righteous man, and his sons and household were also righteous since he taught them; this is analogous to that which is written concerning Abraham: For I have known him, to the end that he may command his children and his household.

בְּדוֹרוֹתָיו יֵשׁ מֵרַבּוֹתֵינוּ שֶׁדְּרָשׁוּהוּ לְטוֹבָה, כָּל שֶׁכֵּן אִם הָיָה בְּדוֹר שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים, וְיֵשׁ שֶׁדּוֹרְשִׁין לִגְנַאי, לְשׁוֹן רַשִׁ"י (רש"י על בראשית ו':ט'). וְהַנָּכוֹן בְּעֵינַי לְפִי הַפְּשָׁט כִּי טַעְמוֹ לוֹמַר שֶׁהוּא לְבַדּוֹ הַצַּדִּיק בַּדּוֹרוֹת הָהֵם, אֵין בְּדוֹרוֹתָיו צַדִּיק וְלֹא תָּמִים זוּלָתוֹ. וְכֵן "כִּי אֹתְךָ רָאִיתִי צַדִּיק לְפָנַי בַּדּוֹר הַזֶּה" (בראשית ז':א'), שֶׁאֵין אַחֵר בַּדּוֹר רָאוּי לְהִנָּצֵל. וְאָמַר "בְּדוֹרוֹתָיו" כִּי דּוֹרוֹת רַבִּים עָבְרוּ מֵעֵת שֶׁהִשְׁחִיתוּ, וְאֵין צַדִּיק בָּאָרֶץ בִּלְתּוֹ. וְאַל יִקְשֶׁה עָלֶיךָ דְּבַר רַבּוֹתֵינוּ בִּמְתוּשֶׁלַח, כִּי הַכָּתוּב לֹא יְסַפֵּר רַק שֶׁאֵין צַדִּיק רָאוּי לְהִנָּצֵל מִן הַמַּבּוּל מִכָּל הַדּוֹרוֹת הָהֵם:

IN HIS GENERATIONS. Some of our Rabbis explained it to his credit, [i.e., he was righteous despite his generation]; it follows all the more had he lived in a generation of righteous people. Others explain it to his discredit. [In comparison with his own generation he was considered righteous, but had he lived in the generation of Abraham he would not have been considered of any consequence.] Thus the language of Rashi.

The correct interpretation according to the plain meaning of Scripture appears to be that he alone was a righteous man in those generations, there being no righteous or whole-hearted men except him in those generations. In a similar sense is the verse, For thee I have seen righteous before Me in this generation, meaning that there is no other in the generation worthy of being saved. Scripture says, in his generations —[using the plural form]— because many generations passed since the time men had become corrupted, and there was no righteous man besides him. Let not the word of our Rabbis concerning Methuselah, [which said that he was a righteous man], cause you difficulty for Scripture tells only that there was no righteous man worthy of being saved from the flood in all those generations except Noah.