4. Mount Sinai
After the Exodus, Hashem married His people with a Ketubah (now called the Torah), which Hashem gave to Moshe atop Mt. Sinai.
These laws and statutes were given to the Hebrews when Hashem met with Moshe on Mount Sinai. This meeting was called by Hashem after Moshe met with his father-in-law Jethro in the land of Midian (what is modern day Saudi Arabia). Jethro saw the burden that Moshe carried as he tried to lead and keep order amongst the 600,000 plus Hebrews on his own. Though Hashem gave Moshe the strength to fulfill the duty of leading the nation on his own, Moshe conceded to Jethro’s suggestion to elect 70 elders who would help him to rule over the people. We read in the Book of Numbers that Hashem also later elected 12 chieftains (one from each tribe) to be the military leaders of the fighting aged men.
After electing the 70 elders in the wilderness of Sinai, Hashem then called Moshe to the top of Mount Sinai in order to set in place His Torah so that there would be one law by which to judge, rule, and keep order amongst Hashem's people. This Torah had been written since before time and space and anything else in creation existed. Hashem created everything in the universe according to Torah's Laws. Yet, after Adam and Havah's transgression in Gan Eden, Hashem had not specifically given the Torah again in full to any other people. He was waiting until His chosen nation was ready to be harvested. 50 days after the Pesach, on Shavuot, Israel was ready to receive the gift of Torah (matan Torah).
The Torah, or mitzvot of Hashem, is most often thought of as simply the 10 Commandments; however, Hashem expounds the fulness of His law and rules throughout Exodus 20-40, The Book of Leviticus, The Book of Numbers, and the Book of Deuteronomy. These written forms of Torah are then expounded further in the oral Torah, which was eventually written down as the Mishnah and Talmud, with Rabbinical rulings in the form of Gematria.
One must understand that when Hashem came to the Hebrews on Mount Sinai, all of the people heard the oral Torah. Many think that the only thing that was written down at that point was the 10 commandments. If we search the scriptures diligently, however, we find that Moshe wrote down everything that Hashem said to him in a sefer (or book). The book was later broken into the five books that we have in our modern Torahs and Tanakhs.
It is interesting to note that the 10 commandments are covenantal laws that are to be kept anywhere at any time. It is true that these 10 commandments hold within them the full 613 mitzvot. Therefore, we can understand the 10 commandments as the overarching scaffolding within which all of the finer-point and detailed vows reside. These "Big 10" are universal laws. The other 603 detailed laws are specific vows between our Isihi (Hashem) and His beloved bride, the Jewish Israelites.
Much of the rest of the more detailed points of our vows, or Torah, were given with the caveat “when you enter the land that I have promised you.” Meaning, that the rest of the laws would become binding when the Israelites entered and settle the Promised Land of Israel. For, the Torah was to be the law book by which the nation of Israel would be governed. Hashem did not promise the wilderness as the land for His people. Rather it was the Promised Land of Zion (the once cursed land of Canaan). When His people entered and settled that Promised Land, then they would officially become His chosen Jewish Nation State, the beloved Nation of Israel.